γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA)99%-(Eco-Friendly Novel Bio-Stimulant for Crops)

1. Chemical and Physical Properties:
Molecular formula: C4H9NO2
Molecular Weight: 103.1206
Appearance: white crystalline or crystalline powder
Purity: 99%TC.

Solubility: full water soluble.

(1). It is produced by the microbial technology and screening safe strains with excellent and higher production yield, glutamic acid decarboxylase produced through fermentation, and glutamic acid is converted into GABA, using glutamic acid decarboxylase. The conversion efficiency of enzymes is high, and the amount used is smaller, so the cost is lower.
(2).The impurities introduced in the corresponding post-treatment are also relatively smaller, with a stable purity and a production yield of over 90%.
(3).  No harmful residues, high process safety.

GABA has long been associated with various stress and defense systems in plants.

GABA increases with plant stimulation and is considered an effective mechanism in response to various external changes, internal stimuli, and ion environment factors such as pH, temperature, and external natural enemy stimuli in plants.

GABA can also regulate the internal environment of plants, such as antioxidant, ripening, and preservation of plants.

In recent years, GABA has also been found as a signaling molecule in plants to transmit amplified information.

GABA has been discovered in plants such as soybeans, Arabidopsis, jasmine, and strawberries. Low concentrations of GABA contribute to plant growth and development, while high concentrations have the opposite effect.

(1). γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) can provide nutrients to plants, regulate their growth and development processes, induce ethylene production, and regulate the concentration of cell fluid in plants. GABA is the main metabolite of plant resistance to stress, and can participate in many stress resistance reactions, such as salt stress, high temperature stress, low temperature stress, and drought stress.

(2).γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA)can effectively reduce the nitrate content in plants, accelerate the development process, increase nitrate reductase activity, accelerate the consumption of soluble sugars, promote protein synthesis, and thereby improve crop yield and quality.

(3). In plants, GABA can regulate intracellular pH, eliminate free radicals, participate in signal transduction, and regulate stress response. GABA is the amino acid in plant cells that changes the most with environmental salt concentration, except for proline. It is also a free amino acid that significantly increases in content from the beginning of salt stress.

1). γ- Aminobutyric acidregulates the chlorophyll system during plant photosynthesis, enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, thereby reducing plant growth limitations caused by waterlogging stress and enhancing crop endurance.
2). Under salt stress, exogenous γ- Aminobutyric acidcan increase root surface area, root length, root tip number, root volume and root dry matter quality of seedlings, increase the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in roots, reduce the oxidative damage of roots, increase root activity, and improve root growth. Applying exogenous GABA can alleviate the inhibitory effects of salt stress on the elongation of embryonic roots and the growth of embryonic buds during seed germination, increase the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and amino acid content in plants, reduce the degree of oxidative damage caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves under salt stress, and enhance the plant's resistance to salt stress.
3).Under drought stress, the photosynthetic capacity of plant leaves decreases, resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic products and a change in sugar metabolism levels within the crop. Exogenous sources γ- Aminobutyric acidcan significantly increase crop yield, and its derivatives can significantly reduce the content of malondialdehyde and cell membrane permeability in wheat seedling leaves, alleviating damage to wheat leaves.
4). Under low temperature stress, γ- Aminobutyric acidcan improve the low temperature tolerance of crops by promoting proline accumulation, reducing water loss, improving photosynthesis efficiency, improving the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in crops, protecting tissues and organs, and alleviating the damage of low temperature to plants.

1). Regulating the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, zinc, manganese and other elements by crops;

2).Promote the development of crop roots and strengthen photosynthesis;

3). Improve the drought resistance, cold resistance, salt alkali resistance, and waterlogging resistance of crops.

(2).Application in water-soluble fertilizers.

1).By means of irrigation, drip irrigation, and other methods, regulate the absorption capacity of crops to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, promote the absorption of key elements such as boron, zinc, manganese, and iron, and increase the utilization rate by more than 20%;

2).Promote the development of crop roots, leaf growth, promote photosynthesis, and thus play a strong stem, early flowering, early fruiting, and non premature aging role, thereby achieving yield increase effect;

3).Enhance the disease and pest resistance of crops.

(3). Application in foliar fertilizer.

1).Promote the absorption of key elements and the synthesis of chlorophyll by crops;

2).Improving crop stress resistance, disease resistance, and pest resistance;

3). Protecting flowers and fruits, promoting crop maturity, and improving product quality.

(4).Application in potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

1). Improve the absorption and utilization of phosphorus and potassium elements by crops, and promote the absorption of moderate elements;

2).Promote flowering and fruiting, increase crop yield, and improve product quality.

(5).Application in liquid fertilizers by soil.

1).Promote crop rooting and balance nutrition through irrigation, drip irrigation, and flushing application;

2).Improve crop drought resistance, salt alkali resistance, drought resistance, high temperature resistance, and other stress resistance abilities;

3).Promote the development of crop roots, ensuring vigorous growth and preventing premature aging of crops.

 

Spraying GABA (200 mg/L) during wheat flowering can regulate membrane stability, increase antioxidant capacity, and reduce wheat losses at high temperatures; The application of exogenous GABA also has a significant effect on the growth of cucumber seedlings.

Under waterlogging and hypoxia conditions, except for GABA, glutamic acid, and alanine, the levels of other amino acids related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased. GABA and glutamic acid can serve as direct substrates for the synthesis of alanine, generating twice the amount of ATP produced by glycolysis through this anaerobic pathway, ensuring energy supply.

GABA also has the ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species intermediates, detoxify plants, and indirectly prevent programmed cell death (PCD) through H2O2 signaling, among other functions.

(2).Other physiological effectson plants.

50mmol/L GABA and different salt concentrations have different effects on plant seedlings. When NO3- ions are below 40mmol/L, GABA stimulates root elongation, and when NO3- ions are greater than 40mmol/L, GABA inhibits root elongation.

Moreover, GABA stimulates the absorption of low concentration NO3- and inhibits the uptake of high concentration NO3-, while enzymes such as GS are regulated by nitrogen. The above studies suggest that nitrogen has a certain role in regulating plant growth. Under the stimulation of NaCl (50mmol/L), the glycosylation metabolism of plants undergoes changes, which affect the tricarboxylic acid cycle, GABA metabolism, amino acid synthesis, and shikimic acid mediated secondary metabolism. Higher salt ions can lead to the oxidative degradation of polyamines in soybeans to GABA. Plant GABA receptors have root tolerance to regulate pH and Al3+.  

The expression level of plant GAD during bacterial infection and γ- The transcriptional abundance of hydroxybutyric acid will increase, leading to an increase in GABA. Tobacco with high levels of GABA synthesis has decreased sensitivity to infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. GABA can induce the expression of operon of Agrobacterium ATTKLM, reduce the concentration of N - (3-oxooctanoyl) homoserine lactone, and down regulate the quorum sensing signal (or hormone), affecting its toxicity to plants. GABA also plays a role in signal communication between plants and bacteria. GABA can inhibit the expression of Hrpl genes in bacteria (the Hrpl gene encodes proteins that sensitize plants or cause tissue diseases), while inhibiting the expression of hrp genes in plants, preventing them from allergic reactions (hrp: controlling the pathogenic ability of plant pathogens and causing allergic reactions).  

(3).in addition, GABA also has a ripening promoting effect.

GABA can stimulate ethylene biosynthesis by stimulating the transcriptional abundance of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase. Under waterlogging, ethylene can provide oxygen for plants by promoting the growth of adventitious root. High concentrations of GABA can inhibit the growth of plant and bacterial GABA transaminase (GABA-T, GABT) mutants, and inhibit bacterial reproduction in plants at high concentrations. Inhibition of GABA-T in tomatoes can lead to the accumulation of GABA, leading to dwarfism in tomatoes.